Political glossary

General terminology, with its meaning inside PRESIDO

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Use this glossary when a briefing, action or report uses an unfamiliar term. Definitions explain the concept; individual entries separately describe its use in the game.

A

Accountability Institutions: The obligation to explain decisions, accept scrutiny and answer for results or misuse of authority.
In PRESIDO: Audits, published contracts and oversight can matter to trust, institutional checks and an executable policy.
Acting president Institutions: A person temporarily performing presidential duties while the principal office holder is unavailable.
In PRESIDO: The vice president can provide acting leadership during critical personal health; delegation also matters during an absence.
Administration Institutions: The executive organisation that manages government work; the word can also mean the running of an organisation.
In PRESIDO: A governing administration is your cabinet and presidency. The private admin dashboard is a separate operator interface.
Appropriation Public finance: An authorised allocation of public money for specified purposes.
In PRESIDO: A policy needs a credible route to funding. Selecting a mechanism does not automatically establish legal or budget authority.
Approval rating Politics: An estimate or measure of support for an office holder or institution.
In PRESIDO: PRESIDO approval is a fictional public-mandate indicator, not a real poll. State approval and national approval can differ.
Audit Institutions: A structured examination of records, spending or performance against defined standards.
In PRESIDO: An audit can be part of a funding or accountability plan, but announcing one alone does not instantly repair every service.

B

Bicameralism Institutions: A legislative structure with two chambers.
In PRESIDO: The fictional National Assembly has a Senate and House of Representatives, with distinct seat totals and political checks.
Bill Institutions: A proposed law considered by a legislative body before enactment.
In PRESIDO: A waiting bill can be signed or vetoed through the available action. A policy proposal and a saved waiting bill are different states.
Budget Public finance: A plan for income, expenditure and financing over a period.
In PRESIDO: Name a credible funding source and the programmes that bear a reallocation or saving. The simulated country is not your personal cash wallet.
Budget deficit Public finance: The amount by which expenditure exceeds revenue over a defined period.
In PRESIDO: Borrowing and spending commitments can create fiscal pressure; the game uses a simplified debt/growth component rather than a full government accounts ledger.
Budget reallocation Public finance: Redirecting an existing resource allocation from one purpose to another.
In PRESIDO: An audited reallocation can fund delivery without the same new-debt burden as borrowing, but another use of the funds can lose out.

C

Cabinet Institutions: A group of senior ministers responsible for executive policy areas.
In PRESIDO: Ministers have issue portfolios, competence and loyalty. Appointments and their acceptance affect the saved government.
Campaign Politics: Organised activity intended to win support for an election or a public cause.
In PRESIDO: First-term re-election activities open near the end of the mandate and can use campaign funds or build momentum.
Campaign funds Politics: Resources set aside for organised election activity.
In PRESIDO: This is a simulated resource separate from political capital. Fundraising builds it, while several campaign activities spend it.
Capital Economics: A term that can mean productive assets, financing resources, a seat of government or political influence, depending on context.
In PRESIDO: When an action asks for capital, it normally means political capital. Abuja is the national capital, and a paid tenure price is real naira pricing.
Central bank Economics: An institution responsible for a country’s monetary system and functions such as currency issuance or monetary policy.
In PRESIDO: Practice Rooms has a simplified six-month interest-rate exercise. It is separate from governing the saved presidency.
Checks and balances Institutions: Arrangements through which different institutions constrain, review or counter one another’s powers.
In PRESIDO: Institutional checks can block or constrain a proposal or appointment. Turning a proposal into a speech does not supply missing authority.
Civil service Institutions: The professional administrative workforce carrying out public-sector functions.
In PRESIDO: Civil servant is one of the offered fictional backgrounds; ministries and delivery plans matter to implementation.
Coalition Politics: An alliance between groups that cooperate for a shared objective while retaining distinct interests.
In PRESIDO: Party unity, stakeholder relationships and Assembly support make coalition management part of a regular presidency.
Competence Game systems: The ability or capacity to perform a role effectively.
In PRESIDO: A fictional official’s competence supports delivery and delegation. It is not the same attribute as loyalty.
Constituency Politics: A represented electoral area, or a group whose interests an institution serves.
In PRESIDO: States, citizens and stakeholder groups illustrate interests beyond one national average. The locked Assembly career is not currently a playable constituency simulator.
Constitution Institutions: The foundational framework of a political system, including institutions, powers and rights.
In PRESIDO: PRESIDO uses simplified institutional and election rules. Those rules should not be read as an authoritative interpretation of the Nigerian Constitution.
Corruption Institutions: The misuse of entrusted power for private advantage.
In PRESIDO: Procurement scrutiny, oversight and transparency are themes in fictional briefings. The game is not making allegations about actual people.

D

Debt servicing Public finance: Payments made to meet interest and repayment obligations on borrowed money.
In PRESIDO: Borrowing has future costs in the simulation. An attractive immediate result can coexist with a weaker fiscal score.
Delegation Institutions: Assigning authority or responsibility to another person while retaining an accountability relationship.
In PRESIDO: Domestic delegation quality affects capacity while travelling or receiving care. A saved deputy’s attributes matter.
Delivery Game systems: The practical execution of a promised policy or service.
In PRESIDO: A good assessment is not necessarily full implementation. Cabinet capacity, constraints, health and the policy’s scope influence execution.
Democracy Politics: A political system in which public authority is grounded in participation and accountability to the people.
In PRESIDO: The game presents fictional elections, opinion and institutions. Its simplified calculations do not measure the democracy of a real country.
Diplomacy Foreign affairs: The management of relations and negotiation between states or other international actors.
In PRESIDO: Diplomacy is an available policy mechanism and a theme for listed foreign missions in regular careers.

E

Economic growth Economics: An increase in economic output over time.
In PRESIDO: Fictional growth responds to policy impacts and financing, and contributes to living standards and fiscal health scoring.
ECOWAS Foreign affairs: The Economic Community of West African States, a regional cooperation and integration organisation.
In PRESIDO: A fictional ECOWAS working summit in Accra is one of the listed international missions.
Electoral mandate Politics: The authority and political support claimed from an election outcome.
In PRESIDO: A winning first-term election is required before continuing that presidency. Paying for a duration cannot reverse a loss.
Eligibility Game systems: Meeting the conditions necessary for a specified action or result.
In PRESIDO: Challenge completion, reward terms, an enabled paid duration and an election win are different eligibility gates.
Entitlement Game systems: A recognised right to access a particular feature or product.
In PRESIDO: A paid duration must be verified on the owning account. A pending checkout or payment return is not by itself access.
Exchange rate Economics: The price of one currency expressed in another currency.
In PRESIDO: The displayed naira indicator is fictional and affected by the simulation. It is not a live market quote.
Executive Institutions: The branch or function concerned with implementing laws and administering government.
In PRESIDO: Executive action is a policy route in the game, bounded by its institutional and delivery checks.

F

Federalism Institutions: A political arrangement dividing governmental authority between a central level and constituent units.
In PRESIDO: State priorities and national institutions shape the fictional setting. Governor is a coming-soon career rather than an open state-government mode.
Fiscal policy Public finance: Government choices about spending, taxation and financing that influence the economy.
In PRESIDO: Policies funded by taxes, borrowing, savings or reallocation have different service and economic trade-offs.

G

Governance Index Game systems: PRESIDO’s weighted measure of recorded country outcomes.
In PRESIDO: Services, living standards, institutions, mandate and fiscal health combine into an average score after saved eligible decisions. It is not a real governance index for Nigeria.
Government stability Game systems: In the game, the capacity of the governing system to remain coherent under pressure.
In PRESIDO: Stability contributes to institutions in the score, and can respond to crises, rejected appointments and weak delegation.
Gross domestic product Economics: The value of goods and services produced within an economy over a period.
In PRESIDO: The game displays a simplified growth indicator, not a complete GDP accounting system or an actual Nigerian GDP forecast.

H

House of Representatives Institutions: The name used for a representative legislative chamber in several political systems.
In PRESIDO: The game’s Nigerian House has 360 seats and participates in the simplified institutional picture alongside the Senate.

I

Implementation Game systems: Putting a decision, programme or law into effect.
In PRESIDO: The saved report’s implementation result is distinct from how appealing the proposed policy sounded. Partial delivery can limit benefits.
Inflation Economics: An increase in the general price level over time, reducing the purchasing power of a given amount of money.
In PRESIDO: Price pressure affects fictional living standards and household concerns. Inflation is part of the Governance Index’s living component.
Institutional trust Game systems: Confidence that institutions will act reliably and appropriately.
In PRESIDO: PRESIDO’s trust metric and stability jointly contribute to the institutions score. Transparency can be relevant to a governance plan.
Interest rate Economics: The rate charged or paid for the use of borrowed or saved money over time.
In PRESIDO: The central-bank practice room lets you raise, hold or cut a simplified policy rate and observe fictional inflation/growth changes.

J

Jurisdiction Institutions: The scope within which an institution or office has authority to act.
In PRESIDO: A proposal’s chosen mechanism does not automatically give the president unlimited legal authority; institutional checks evaluate its route.

L

Legislature Institutions: A lawmaking body that also undertakes representation and scrutiny of government.
In PRESIDO: The Senate and House form the game’s fictional Assembly structure. Legislation can depend on political and institutional support.
Living standards Economics: The material conditions affecting people’s daily lives, including income, access and affordability.
In PRESIDO: The score component combines poverty, unemployment, inflation and growth, with a 25% overall weight.
Loyalty Game systems: Support or allegiance to a person, institution or group.
In PRESIDO: Official loyalty is distinct from competence. Appointments and party cohesion can involve a trade-off between the two.

M

Mandate Politics: Authority or support to carry out a responsibility, often associated with an election or a defined term of office.
In PRESIDO: A term has a frozen decision budget. Public mandate in the score combines national approval with weighted state opinions.
Manifesto Politics: A published statement of an organisation’s goals and intended programme.
In PRESIDO: Manifesto is one of the first-term campaign activities. Its momentum effect does not remove the country’s saved results.
Monetary policy Economics: Central-bank measures influencing monetary conditions, often to manage prices and economic activity.
In PRESIDO: The practice exercise uses interest-rate choices. The presidency career does not offer a full separate real-world central-bank operating system.

O

Opposition Politics: Political parties or groups outside the governing leadership that contest or scrutinise it.
In PRESIDO: The Assembly display separates governing-party seats from opposition seats. Legislative support can constrain the president’s proposals.
Oversight Institutions: The scrutiny of an institution’s decisions, spending or performance by an authorised body.
In PRESIDO: Publishing contracts and arranging scrutiny can support an accountability policy. They must accompany a workable delivery and funding plan.

P

Party unity Game systems: The level of cohesion among members or factions of a political party.
In PRESIDO: This indicator is separate from public approval and institutional trust. Meetings, appointments and bill choices can affect it.
Policy Institutions: A deliberate course of action to address an objective or problem.
In PRESIDO: Your written proposal should state the action, funding, delivery and accountability. Its saved result can differ from the intention.
Political capital Politics: The influence, goodwill and support available to pursue political objectives.
In PRESIDO: PRESIDO represents it as a bounded action resource. It is not real naira, a cash balance or an item that can be withdrawn.
Portfolio Institutions: A defined collection of responsibilities assigned to an office holder.
In PRESIDO: Ministries and the vice president have issue responsibilities. A relevant portfolio helps you identify who should implement a proposal.
Poverty Economics: Deprivation of resources needed for an adequate standard of living, measured in different ways.
In PRESIDO: The game uses a fictional hardship percentage. Reducing it improves the living-standards component; it is not a census result.
Procurement Public finance: The process of purchasing goods, works or services for an organisation.
In PRESIDO: Contract publication, audits and beneficiary checks can be relevant to delivering public investment without waste.
Provisional ranking Game systems: A visible ranking whose eligibility or record is not yet complete.
In PRESIDO: A challenge entry appears after the first decision. Finish all three decisions before the deadline to complete the attempt.
Public debt Public finance: Borrowing obligations owed by the public sector.
In PRESIDO: Debt is a fictional national metric and a key input to fiscal-health scoring. It is separate from a player’s paid tenure entitlement.

R

Regional integration Foreign affairs: Cooperation that connects neighbouring economies or institutions through shared arrangements.
In PRESIDO: Regional trade and border coordination are themes in the fictional ECOWAS mission.
Revenue Public finance: Income received by an organisation or government, including receipts such as taxes or fees.
In PRESIDO: A proposal can identify new revenue as a funding source. Its burden and effects on activity still need consideration.

S

Senate Institutions: A legislative chamber that is often the upper house in a bicameral system.
In PRESIDO: PRESIDO’s Senate has 109 seats and can reject certain cabinet nominees under the game’s institutional checks.
Separation of powers Institutions: A division of governmental functions among institutions to avoid concentrating every power in one body.
In PRESIDO: Executive action, legislative requirements and oversight appear as simplified constraints, not a full legal simulation.
Stakeholder Politics: A person or group affected by, or able to influence, a decision.
In PRESIDO: Power-bloc readings represent fictional stakeholders with different priorities. They are not live player chat messages.
Subsidy Public finance: Financial support intended to reduce a cost or support an activity.
In PRESIDO: A broad subsidy can be popular but needs funding; a targeted programme may limit cost while leaving questions about eligibility and delivery.

T

Taxation Public finance: The raising of public revenue through compulsory levies according to the applicable system.
In PRESIDO: Tax-funded delivery can improve services while adding costs for households or firms. The game abstracts those trade-offs.
Tenure Game systems: The period for which an office is held or a role continues.
In PRESIDO: Regular terms span 3, 6, 9 or 12 simulated months with multiple policy decisions. Real challenge deadlines use a different clock.
Transparency Institutions: Making relevant decisions, processes and information visible for scrutiny.
In PRESIDO: Published contracts, funding and delivery milestones can support trust and accountability in a proposal.

U

Unemployment Economics: The condition of people seeking work but not having employment, subject to the definition used.
In PRESIDO: PRESIDO uses a fictional percentage that contributes to living standards. Training promises need delivery and economic context.

V

Veto Institutions: An authority to reject or stop a proposed decision, subject to a particular institutional system.
In PRESIDO: A waiting bill can be vetoed through the listed action. This game action is not a full account of real constitutional override procedures.